《编程之美》284页，问题4.6：桶中取黑白球。
有一个桶，里面有白球、黑球各100个，人们必须按照以下规则把球取出来：
1. 每次从桶中拿两个球；
2. 如果两球同色，再放入一个黑球；
3. 如果两球异色，再放入一个白球；
问：最后桶里面只剩下一个黑球的概率是多少？
于是我开始分析，桶里装球，每次摸球是随机的，所以不能用队列和栈，那就用万能的动态列表来做桶吧。按照题目描述的顺序，写出取球的过程，最后剩的是黑球返回1，白球返回2，其他情况（没球了）返回3，然后根据概率在大数据量下将会趋于稳定的性质无限取球，最后趋于稳定的那个数就是答案。
代码如下（注释的部分为调试程序过程中用到的测试代码，用来显示操作过程中取球、放球、以及桶中球的详细变化过程）：
using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;namespace BucketBall{ class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int count = 0; int targetCount = 0; int result; double probability; while (true) { List bucketBalls = new List (); result = Play(bucketBalls); //Console.WriteLine("result:" + result); if (result == 1) { targetCount++; //Console.WriteLine("targetCount:" + targetCount); } count++; //Console.WriteLine("count:" + count); probability = Math.Round((double)1.0 * targetCount / count, 2); Console.WriteLine(probability); //Console.Read(); } } private static int Play(List bucketBalls) { for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) { bucketBalls.Add("BlackBall"); bucketBalls.Add("WhiteBall"); } //PrintList(bucketBalls); Random ran = new Random(); while (bucketBalls.Count() > 1) { var balls = Take(bucketBalls, 2, ran); //Console.WriteLine("Take the balls " + balls[0] + " " + balls[1]); //PrintList(bucketBalls); if (balls[0] == balls[1]) { Put(bucketBalls, "BlackBall"); //Console.WriteLine("Put the BlackBall"); //PrintList(bucketBalls); } else { Put(bucketBalls, "WhiteBall"); //Console.WriteLine("Put WhiteBall over!"); //PrintList(bucketBalls); } //Console.WriteLine(bucketBalls.Count()); } if (bucketBalls.Count() == 1) { //Console.WriteLine("result is " + bucketBalls[0]); return bucketBalls[0] == "BlackBall" ? 1 : 2; } else { return 0; } } private static void PrintList(List bucketBalls) { Console.WriteLine(); foreach (var ball in bucketBalls) { Console.Write(ball + " "); } Console.WriteLine(); } private static void Put(List bucketBalls, string v) { bucketBalls.Add(v); } private static List Take(List bucketBalls, int v, Random ran) { List balls = new List (); int pos; for (int i = 1; i <= v; i++) { pos = ran.Next(0, bucketBalls.Count()); balls.Add(bucketBalls[pos]); bucketBalls.RemoveAt(pos); } return balls; } }} 我因为不小心将一处的“WhiteBall”写成了“WhileBall”而一度修改却得不到正确的答案，最终一步一步的通过上面的测试代码，才将出错范围最终锁定在了初始化bucketBalls的for循环内，最终发现我将“WhiteBall”写成了“WhileBall”。改过来以后，运行结果终于正确了。下面是去掉测试代码的最终版：
using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;namespace BucketBall{ class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int count = 0; int targetCount = 0; int result; double probability; while (true) { List bucketBalls = new List (); result = Play(bucketBalls); if (result == 1) { targetCount++; } count++; probability = Math.Round((double)1.0 * targetCount / count, 2); Console.WriteLine(probability); } } private static int Play(List bucketBalls) { for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { bucketBalls.Add("BlackBall"); bucketBalls.Add("WhiteBall"); } Random ran = new Random(); while (bucketBalls.Count() > 1) { var balls = Take(bucketBalls, 2, ran); if (balls[0] == balls[1]) { Put(bucketBalls, "BlackBall"); } else { Put(bucketBalls, "WhiteBall"); } } if (bucketBalls.Count() == 1) { return bucketBalls[0] == "BlackBall" ? 1 : 2; } else { return 0; } } private static void Put(List bucketBalls, string v) { bucketBalls.Add(v); } private static List Take(List bucketBalls, int v, Random ran) { List balls = new List (); int pos; for (int i = 1; i <= v; i++) { pos = ran.Next(0, bucketBalls.Count()); balls.Add(bucketBalls[pos]); bucketBalls.RemoveAt(pos); } return balls; } }} 通过运行结果可以看出来，概率一直很稳定，为1：
所以答案是在白球和黑球各100个的前提下取球放球，最后都只剩下黑球，概率为1。
修改程序中的初始化参数还可以用来求解课后题中的拓展情况，不用动脑。大家可以试试。
总结过程中遇到的问题：
1、字符串赋值的时候一定要仔细，别写错了！
2、函数返回值的范围包括 minValue 但不包括 maxValue。如果 minValue 等于 maxValue，则返回 minValue。